Variable rate technology-Irrigation (VRT-Irrigation) is a new approach of IT in agriculture to increase water efficiency in agriculture. With the application of VRT-Irrigation, water is used only in parts of farm that is needed. The purpose of this paper is to compare behavioral intention and attitude of agricultural experts in Fars and Khuzestan agricultural organizations toward VRT-Irrigation based on revised technology acceptance model (TAM). A survey was conducted using stratified random sampling to collect data from 135 and 114 experts in Fars and Khuzestan provinces, respectively. The results showed research models in this study are more powerful to predict behavioral intention and attitude than prior models. Based on the results, the independent Variables have the difference power to predict intention to use, attitude to use and perceived usefulness of VRT-Irrigation in two provinces. There is not difference between two provinces regarding perceived usefulness. Based on the results some recommendations have been provided to use VRT-Irrigation in Iran.

Introduction: From a long time ago, benefiting from technology has been an inevitable thing for human interests, which is born and based on science. It can be claimed that there is harmony between ethics, science and technology, which promote each other. In this article, the researcher discusses this harmony and compatibility. Material and Methods: The current review study was descriptive and using the study of sources and research keywords among the books and articles published in the databases of Thomson Information Institute, Science Direct and Pub Med. Conclusion: As science and technology continue to advance and become more integrated into our daily lives, ethical considerations become increasingly important. For example, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised questions about the potential implications of creating machines that can make autonomous decisions and take actions. If science and technology were considered as a tool, it should have been able to subjugate humans and influence all aspects of behavior and values. While it has become a problem that eventually becomes aligned with morality by applying reason, and people now seek help from it as a tool.

Introduction: In conventional farming, the soil and crop are considered uniform in different locations of the farm and the fertilizers are applied according to the average of soil needs with an additional percentage for safety (Loghavi, 2003) .Non-essential chemical fertilizers in the field have harmful effects and social, economic and environmental concerns will increase. Many fertilizers go into the surface waters and ground waters and cause poisoning and environmental pollution without being absorbed by the plants. …

IntroductionInnovative technologies, such as smart sprayers, are pivotal catalysts for modernizing the agricultural sector and play an indispensable role in providing food for human consumption. Without the utilization of these technologies and the implementation of proper input management, it is predicted that environmental impacts will worsen in the future. Attaining sustainable production, while implementing programs to ensure food security, presents a considerable challenge for researchers and policymakers worldwide. In this research, the performance of a fixed-rate orchard sprayer was evaluated. Employing various equipment, the sprayer was then upgraded to a Variable-rate sprayer, and its performance was reevaluated and compared to the fixed-rate model.Material and MethodsThis research comprehensively evaluated a fixed-rate orchard sprayer and subsequently upgraded it to a Variable-rate sprayer for further assessment. The primary components of the developed Variable-rate sprayer, consists of an ON-OFF solenoid valve, a digital camera for imaging purposes, an ultrasonic sensor, a flow meter, and a control circuit. The necessary modifications were implemented on a fixed-rate turbine sprayer. The development of the Variable-rate sprayer was devided into two distinct phases. The initial phase involved determining the canopy volume and acquiring the necessary information pertaining to the spraying target, specifically the tree. The subsequent phase focused on decision-making and control of the spraying rate, thereby facilitating Variable-rate application. Upon laboratory examination of the samples, spectroscopic results were obtained, and the total concentration of the pesticide solution was calculated across different sections of a one-hectare orange orchard. An investigation into the sedimentation of pesticide solution was conducted across different treatments in two spraying modes namely, Variable-rate and fixed-rate and at three distinct speeds: low (1.6 km hr-1), medium (3.2 km hr-1), and high (4.8 km hr-1) resulting in six treatments.Results and DiscussionThe comparative analysis of average pesticide deposition on trees revealed a significant difference between the two spraying modes; Variable-rate and fixed-rate. All indicators demonstrate that the type of sprayer and the spraying speed significantly influence changes in pesticide deposition across different treatments. However, the interaction effect of the type of sprayer and the speed of spraying did not significantly impact the amount of pesticide deposition on the trees and the total consumption of pesticide per hectare. The results indicated that neither the type of sprayer, nor the speed of spraying, nor their interaction had a significant effect on the spraying quality index. Furthermore, the numerical median diameter and volume median diameter were not significantly different across the treatments.The maximum pesticide consumption savings in the Variable-rate spraying mode was 46%, achieved at a speed of 1.6 km hr-1. The maximum efficiency was 70% in the Variable-rate spraying mode, occurring at a speed of 3.2 km hr-1. The lowest amount of pesticide deposition on the canopy of trees was observed in the Variable-rate spraying method at the speed of 4.8 km hr-1 (1303 L ha-1), and the highest amount of deposition occurred in the fixed-rate spraying at the speed of 1.6 km hr-1 (2121 L ha-1). The highest amount of pesticide release in the air was also calculated in the fixed-rate spraying mode with a speed of km hr-1 (241 L ha-1) and the lowest value was calculated in the Variable-rate spraying mode with a speed of 3.2 km hr-1.ConclusionEmerging technologies, such as smart sprayers, play a crucial role in increasing the productivity of the agricultural sector. If these technologies are not utilized, the challenges related to the sustainability of production will increase in the future. One of the critical operations in the production of agricultural products is the spraying phase. In this research, a fixed-rate sprayer was upgraded to a Variable-rate sprayer, both sprayers were evaluated, and the results of this evaluation were then used to compare the two spraying systems. The results revealed that because the amount of the pesticide sprayed is controlled in real time by canopy volume detection in the Variable-rate sprayer, in the best case (speed 1.6 km hr-1), it reduced pesticide consumption by 46% and reached 70% efficiency. In all the studied treatments, both the type of sprayer and the speed of spraying significantly affected changes in pesticide deposition. However, the interaction between the type of sprayer and the speed of spraying did not have a significant effect on the amount of pesticide deposition on trees or total pesticide consumption per hectare. There was no significant difference in the coverage percentage of the pesticide deposition on the target in different treatments, and the best spraying quality occurred in Variable rate spraying with a speed of 4.8 km hr-1.By using a Variable-rate sprayer, while saving on the costs of chemical pesticide consumption and spraying, toxic emissions that cause environmental pollution will also be reduced. Future research should focus on developing a Variable-rate system based on independent nozzles, allowing for real-time control of each individual nozzle's spraying.

exchange rate as a source of uncertainty exposes investors to some kind of risk. When investors are exposure to exchange risk, it’ s expected that investors expect higher return but some empirical evidences show that exchange risk is not priced. Since the exchange rate risk and stock returns are not correlated, we face some kind of anomaly that it is called “ exposure risk” in the exchange-rate literature. Some evidences indicate, we can’ t price exchange-rate risk because of using contemporaneous exchange-rate movements. This evidences state that persistent exchange-rate movements is a state Variable and a financial distress risk and if we use persistent exchange-rate movements instead of contemporaneous exchange-rate movements then we can see that exchange-rate risk is priced. The purpose of this research is to test exchange-rate risk, as a state and financial distress risk Variable, pricing in the Tehran security exchange to find a solution for exposure puzzle. In this research we calculate exchange-rate risk premium by “ tracking portfolio” approach and then we test its pricing. For this purpose, we chose a sample with about 160 firms in Tehran security exchange in the period of 1384 to 1394. To survey our hypothesis, we use time series regression. The results show that persistent exchange-rate risk is priced in Tehran security exchange. So if we use persistent exchange-rate movements instead of contemporaneous exchange-rate movements, we can solve exposure puzzle.

Scalable High Efficiency Video Coding (SHVC) is the scalable extension of the latest video coding standard H. 265/HEVC. Video rate control algorithm is out of the scope of video coding standards. Appropriate rate control algorithms are designed for various applications to overcome practical constraints such as bandwidth and buffering constraints. In most of the scalable video applications, such as video on demand (VoD) and broadcasting applications, encoded bitstreams with Variable bit rates are preferred to bitstreams with constant bit rates. In Variable bit rate (VBR) applications, the tolerable delay is relatively high. Therefore, we utilize a larger buffer to allow more variations in bitrate to provide smooth and high visual quality of output video. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy video rate controller appropriate for VBR applications of SHVC. A fuzzy controller is used for each layer of scalable video to minimize the fluctuation of QP at the frame level while the buffering constraint is obeyed for any number of layers received by a decoder. The proposed rate controller utilizes the well-known structural similarity index (SSIM) as a quality metric to increase the visual quality of the output video. The proposed rate control algorithm is implemented in HEVC reference software and comprehensive experiments are executed to tune the fuzzy controllers and also to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Experimental results show a high performance for the proposed algorithm in terms of rate control, visual quality, and rate-distortion performance.

Under current conditions in Iran it is not possible that the growth rate remain constant. The Vital statistics of birth and death and the result of 1365, 1370 and 1375 (1986, 1991 and 1996) censuses of Iran show that in the decade 1365-1375 the growth rate of population had a downward trend. But this trend has never been displayed by figure or number. In this article a method for estimating the Variable growth rate of population is proposed and used for estimating the growth rate of population for Iran and its provinces. The result show that the growth rate of population in 1366 was about 2.9 percent and has decreased gradually to 2.1 and 1.1 percent in 1370 and 1375 respectively. Although the proposed method by itself is valid, the numerical results are valid when the undercount rate is equal in three censuses. The importance of the proposed method is that most demographers and population institutes use observed growth rate between two censuses and disregard its time variation.

This research designed, constructed and evaluated a map-based Variable rate application system for liquid nitrogen fertilizer. Solenoid valves were used to change nozzle flow using pulse-wide modulation technology. A turbine flow sensor and GPS module were used to measure solenoid valve flow and online system coordination, respectively. The graphical user interface software was designed by Visual Basic 6.This program received online coordination from a GPS module, received fertilizer map data, compared online and map coordinates, specified application order, received sensor output and compared it with optimum data and then applied proportional closed-loop control. To evaluate the system, accuracy and time-delay experiments were carried out with 3 replications. The results showed that the average difference between map data and system flow for open and close-loop controllers were 10.0 and 3.6%, respectively.The maximum time delay was 0.54 s. Results also showed that, at 1% probability, no significant difference was observed between the system flow and nitrogen fertilizer map data.